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Search across 2.4 million peer-reviewed documents from journals, conferences, and standards.

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Journal Article Open Access Green Computing

Carbon-Aware Computing at the Infrastructure Level: Dynamic Workload Migration, Renewable Energy Signal Integration, and Scope 3 Emission Attribution for Hyperscale Cloud Operators

Hyperscale cloud operators managing distributed data center fleets across multiple grid regions have a structural opportunity to reduce operational carbon emissions by dynamically migrating or deferring workloads to facilities with higher real-time renewable energy availability -- a practice termed carbon-aware computing. While carbon-aware scheduling at the application and DevOps pipeline levels has received growing research attention, the infrastructure-level engineering challenges of carbon-aware workload migration across hyperscale fleets -- including migration cost modeling, renewable signal integration latency, Scope 3 attribution methodology, and workload SLA compatibility analysis -- have not been comprehensively treated in the academic literature. This paper presents CarbonFleet, a carbon-aware infrastructure management system for hyperscale cloud operators, incorporating real-time carbon intensity signals from the Electricity Maps API across 34 grid regions, predictive renewable availability modeling using weather-driven solar and wind generation forecasts, and a multi-objective workload migration optimizer balancing carbon reduction, migration cost, and SLA compliance. CarbonFleet is evaluated in a simulation environment calibrated to a real 18-region cloud fleet over 12 months of historical demand and carbon intensity data. CarbonFleet achieves a 31.4 percent reduction in operational carbon intensity compared to carbon-unaware scheduling baselines while maintaining 99.94 percent SLA compliance across migrated workloads. We introduce a Scope 3 Cloud Emission Attribution Methodology (SCEAM) that disaggregates supply chain and customer workload carbon contributions with 94 percent fidelity against direct metering baselines, addressing a critical gap in cloud sustainability reporting standards.

Adunola Nwachukwu, Lars Svensson, Kenji Fujita, Amira El-Sayed· May 2026· 29 citations
Journal Article Open Access Artificial Intelligence

Multimodal Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery: Unified Architectures for Protein Structure Prediction, Materials Property Forecasting, and Drug-Target Interaction Modeling

The dominant paradigm in scientific AI has been domain-specific model development -- AlphaFold for protein structure, GNoME for materials discovery, and MolBERT for molecular property prediction -- each trained on domain-curated datasets with domain-specific architectural inductive biases. This paper challenges this paradigm by evaluating whether multimodal foundation models trained jointly across biological, chemical, and materials science modalities can achieve competitive or superior performance on domain-specific benchmarks while enabling cross-domain transfer capabilities unavailable to single-domain models. We present SciFoundation-7B, a 7-billion parameter multimodal scientific foundation model trained on a 2.4 trillion token corpus spanning protein sequences, crystal structures, SMILES molecular representations, scientific literature, and experimental assay data. SciFoundation-7B is evaluated on 14 benchmark tasks spanning protein structure prediction, drug-target interaction, toxicity prediction, band gap forecasting, and synthesis route planning. On 11 of 14 benchmarks, SciFoundation-7B matches or exceeds domain-specific state-of-the-art models within 2.1 percentage points, while uniquely enabling cross-domain transfer: protein-materials transfer learning improves metalloprotein binding affinity prediction by 12.4 percentage points versus single-domain baselines. We analyze the emergent cross-domain reasoning capabilities through systematic probing and introduce the Scientific Generalization Coefficient (SGC) as a measure of foundation model cross-domain utility. This work provides evidence for a potential paradigm shift toward unified scientific AI.

Obiageli Eze, Nina Lindqvist, Keiko Nakamura, Mohamed Mansour· Apr 2026· 38 citations
Journal Article Open Access Cybersecurity

Post-Quantum Cryptography Integration in DevSecOps Pipelines: Migration Strategies, Toolchain Readiness, and Organizational Preparedness for NIST PQC Standards

The finalization of NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) standards in 2024 — including ML-KEM (Kyber), ML-DSA (Dilithium), and SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) — has initiated an era of cryptographic migration urgency that places significant demands on DevSecOps pipelines, software supply chain tooling, and organizational security governance. This paper presents the first empirical study of PQC integration within DevSecOps contexts, examining organizational preparedness, toolchain readiness, and migration strategy effectiveness across 17 organizations in finance, defense, and critical infrastructure sectors. Using a combination of practitioner surveys (n=312), cryptographic inventory analysis, and migration pilot case studies, we characterize the PQC DevSecOps migration challenge along four dimensions: Cryptographic Asset Inventory Completeness, Pipeline Toolchain PQC Readiness, Certificate and Secret Rotation Automation Maturity, and Hybrid Classical-PQC Transition Governance. Our findings reveal that 78% of organizations lack comprehensive cryptographic asset inventories — the foundational prerequisite for migration planning — and that fewer than 12% of CI/CD toolchains natively support PQC signature verification. We introduce the PQC Migration Readiness Index (PMRI) and develop a phased PQC DevSecOps Migration Roadmap comprising five stages from cryptographic discovery through full PQC-native pipeline operation. Case study evidence from two pilot organizations demonstrates the feasibility of achieving PMRI Stage 3 within 18 months with focused engineering investment.

Obiageli Osu, Lars Magnusson, Kenji Mori, Ana Beatriz Lopes· Apr 2026· 41 citations